Threat and Vulnerability Management - 22%

• Open-source intelligence
• Proprietary/closed-source intelligence
• Timeliness
• Relevancy
• Accuracy

2. Confidence levels
3. Indicator management

• Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX)
• Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information (TAXII)
• OpenIoC

4. Threat classification

• Known threat vs. unknown threat
• Zero-day
• Advanced persistent threat

5. Threat actors

• Nation-state
• Hacktivist
• Organized crime
• Insider threat
  Intentional
  Unintentional

6. Intelligence cycle

• Requirements
• Collection
• Analysis
• Dissemination
• Feedback

7. Commodity malware
8. Information sharing and analysis communities

• Healthcare
• Financial
• Aviation
• Government
• Critical infrastructure

• MITRE ATT&CK
• The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis
• Kill chain

2. Threat research

• Reputational
• Behavioral
• Indicator of compromise (IoC)
• Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS)

3. Threat modeling methodologies

• Adversary capability
• Total attack surface
• Attack vector
• Impact
• Likelihood

3. Threat intelligence sharing with supported functions

• Incident response
• Vulnerability management
• Risk management
• Security engineering
• Detection and monitoring

• Asset criticality
• Active vs. passive scanning
• Mapping/enumeration

2. Validation

• True positive
• False positive
• True negative
• False negative

3. Remediation/mitigation

• Configuration baseline
• Patching
• Hardening
• Compensating controls
• Risk acceptance
• Verification of mitigation

4. Scanning parameters and criteria

• Risks associated with scanning activities
• Vulnerability feed
• Scope
• Credentialed vs. non-credentialed
• Server-based vs. agent-based
• Internal vs. external
• Special considerations
  Types of data
  Technical constraints
  Workflow
  Sensitivity levels
  Regulatory requirements
  Segmentation
  Intrusion prevention system (IPS), intrusion detection system (IDS), and firewall settings

5. Inhibitors to remediation

• Memorandum of understanding (MOU)
• Service-level agreement (SLA)
• Organizational governance
• Business process interruption
• Degrading functionality
• Legacy systems
• Proprietary systems

• OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)
• Burp suite
• Nikto
• Arachni

2.Infrastructure vulnerability scanner

• Nessus
• OpenVAS
• Qualys

3.Software assessment tools and techniques

• Static analysis
• Dynamic analysis
• Reverse engineering
• Fuzzing

4.Enumeration

• Nmap
• hping
• Active vs. passive
• Responder

5. Wireless assessment tools

• Aircrack-ng
• Reaver
• oclHashcat

6. Cloud infrastructure assessment tools

• ScoutSuite
• Prowler
• Pacu

• CAN bus

10. Workflow and process automation systems
11. Industrial control system
12. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

• Modbus

• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Cloud deployment models

• Public
• Private
• Community
• Hybrid

3. Function as a Service (FaaS)/serverless architecture
4. Infrastructure as code (IaC)
5. Insecure application programming interface (API)
6. Improper key management
7. Unprotected storage
8. Logging and monitoring

• Insufficient logging and monitoring
• Inability to access

• Extensible markup language (XML) attack
• Structured query language (SQL) injection
• Overflow attack
  Buffer
  Integer
  Heap
• Remote code execution
• Directory traversal
• Privilege escalation
• Password spraying
• Credential stuffing
• Impersonation
• Man-in-the-middle attack
• Session hijacking
• Rootkit
• Cross-site scripting
  Reflected
  Persistent
  Document object model (DOM)

2. Vulnerabilities

• Improper error handling
• Dereferencing
• Insecure object reference
• Race condition
• Broken authentication
• Sensitive data exposure
• Insecure components
• Insufficient logging and monitoring
• Weak or default configurations
• Use of insecure functions
  strcpy

Software and Systems Security - 18%

• Asset tagging

3. Segmentation

• Physical
• Virtual
• Jumpbox
• System isolation
  Air gap

4. Network architecture

• Physical
• Software-defined
• Virtual private cloud (VPC)
• Virtual private network (VPN)
• Serverless

5. Change management
6. Virtualization

• Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI)

7. Containerization
8. Identity and access management

• Privilege management
• Multifactor authentication (MFA)
• Single sign-on (SSO)
• Federation
• Role-based
• Attribute-based
• Mandatory
• Manual review

9. Cloud access security broker (CASB)
10. Honeypot
11. Monitoring and logging
12. Encryption
13. Certificate management
14. Active defense

• Security AssertionsMarkup Language (SAML)
• Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
• Representational State Transfer (REST)
• Microservices

• Trusted execution
• Secure enclave
• Processor security extensions
• Atomic execution

6. Anti-tamper
7. Self-encrypting drive
8. Trusted firmware updates
9. Measured boot and attestation
10. Bus encryption

Security Operations and Monitoring - 25%

• Malware
  Reverse engineering
• Memory
• System and application behavior
  Known-good behavior
  Anomalous behavior
  Exploit techniques
• File system
• User and entity behavior analytics (UEBA)

4. Network

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and domain name system (DNS) analysis
  Domain generation algorithm
• Flow analysis
• Packet and protocol analysis
  Malware

5. Log review

• Event logs
• Syslog
• Firewall logs
• Web application firewall (WAF)
• Proxy
• Intrusion detection system (IDS)/Intrusion prevention system (IPS)

6. Impact analysis

• Organization impact vs. localized impact
• Immediate vs. total

7. Security information and event management (SIEM) review

• Rule writing
• Known-bad Internet protocol (IP)
• Dashboard

8. Query writing

• String search
• Script
• Piping

9. E-mail analysis

• Malicious payload
• Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)
• Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)
• Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
• Phishing
• Forwarding
• Digital signature
• E-mail signature block
• Embedded links
• Impersonation
• Header

• Development/rule writing

11. Sandboxing
12. Port security

• Executable process analysis

4. Reducing the attack surface area
5. Bundling critical assets
6. Attack vectors
7. Integrated intelligence
8. Improving detection capabilities

• Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR)

2. Scripting
3. Application programming interface (API) integration
4. Automated malware signature creation
5. Data enrichment
6. Threat feed combination
7. Machine learning
8. Use of automation protocols and standards

• Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)

9. Continuous integration
10. Continuous deployment/delivery

Incident Response - 22%

• Limiting communication to trusted parties
• Disclosing based on regulatory/legislative requirements
• Preventing inadvertent release of information
• Using a secure method of communication
• Reporting requirements

2. Response coordination with relevant entities

• Legal
• Human resources
• Public relations
• Internal and external
• Law enforcement
• Senior leadership
• Regulatory bodies

3. Factors contributing to data criticality

• Personally identifiable information (PII)
• Personal health information (PHI)
• Sensitive personal information (SPI)
• High value asset
• Financial information
• Intellectual property
• Corporate information

• Training
• Testing
• Documentation of procedures

2. Detection and analysis

• Characteristics contributing to severity level classification
• Downtime
• Recovery time
• Data integrity
• Economic
• System process criticality
• Reverse engineering
• Data correlation

3. Containment

• Segmentation
• Isolation

4. Eradication and recovery

• Vulnerability mitigation
• Sanitization
• Reconstruction/reimaging
• Secure disposal
• Patching
• Restoration of permissions
• Reconstitution of resources
• Restoration of capabilitiesand services
• Verification of logging/communication tosecurity monitoring

5. Post-incident activities

• Evidence retention
• Lessons learned report
• Change control process
• Incident response plan update
• Incident summary report
• IoC generation
• Monitoring

• Bandwidth consumption
• Beaconing
• Irregular peer-to-peer communication
• Rogue device on the network
• Scan/sweep
• Unusual traffic spike
• Common protocol over non-standard port

2. Host-related

• Processor consumption
• Memory consumption
• Drive capacity consumption
• Unauthorized software
• Malicious process
• Unauthorized change
• Unauthorized privilege
• Data exfiltration
• Abnormal OS process behavior
• File system change or anomaly
• Registry change or anomaly
• Unauthorized scheduled task

3. Application-related

• Anomalous activity
• Introduction of new accounts
• Unexpected output
• Unexpected outbound communication
• Service interruption
• Application log

• Wireshark
• tcpdump

2. Endpoint

• Disk
• Memory

3. Mobile
4. Cloud
5. Virtualization
6. Legal hold
7. Procedures
8. Hashing

• Changes to binaries

9. Carving
10. Data acquisition

Compliance and Assessment - 13%

• Classification
• Ownership
• Retention
• Data types
• Retention standards Confidentiality
• Legal requirements
• Data sovereignty
• Data minimization
• Purpose limitation
• Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)

3. Technical controls

• Encryption
• Data loss prevention (DLP)
• Data masking
• Deidentification
• Tokenization
• Digital rights management (DRM)
  Watermarking
• Geographic access requirements
• Access controls

• Probability
• Magnitude

4. Communication of risk factors
5. Risk prioritization

• Security controls
• Engineering tradeoffs

6. Systems assessment
7. Documented compensating controls
8. Training and exercises

• Red team
• Blue team
• White team
• Tabletop exercise

9. Supply chain assessment

• Vendor due diligence
• Hardware source authenticity

• Risk-based
• Prescriptive

2. Policies and procedures

• Code of conduct/ethics
• Acceptable use policy (AUP)
• Password policy
• Data ownership
• Data retention
• Account management
• Continuous monitoring
• Work product retention

3. Category

• Managerial
• Operational
• Technical

4. Control type

• Preventative
• Detective
• Corrective
• Deterrent
• Compensating
• Physical

5. Audits and assessments

• Regulatory
• Compliance